Unless otherwise noted, all translations in this book are mine. For more on ancient combat companions and warrior lovers, see Wayne Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, eds. Paris: Gallimard, ; Jonathan Goldberg, ed. To these pairs might also be added the Emperor Hadrian and his Greek lover Antinous. Plato, The Symposium , trans. Christopher Gill London: Penguin, , 10— Plato, 10— Homer, The Iliad , trans. Subsequent line references to this edition are provided parenthetically in the body of the text.
La Chanson de Roland , trans. Jean Dufournet Paris: Garnier Flammarion, , For more on Achilles, Roland, and Lannes, see Chapter 2. See Chapters 1 and 2 for more on these reforms in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic armies. From the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, the French historical record is rich in many other anecdotal examples of military men who loved men.
In medieval France, these soldiers included Philippe II — who mounted a crusade with his lover Richard the Lion Hearted — Paul Adolphe Grisot, ed. Baudoin, — , 5. Carl von Clausewitz, On War. The Book of War , ed. Caleb Carr and Ralph Peters, trans. Ferdinand Foch, Des principes de la guerre, ed. David A. Powell, Tamara Powell, and Matthew J. Sobnosky Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, On the other, unlawful secret individual love.
This tradition is, of course, not limited to France. Denis Diderot et al. Alexandre Micha, vol. Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond, vol. Desmoulins numbers the procession at , Schama calculates the number of spectators on the Champ de Mars at , Poisson, , ; Forrest, Soldiers, Jacques Fricasse, Journal de marche du sergent Fricasse de la e demi-brigade , ed.
There were smaller levies between and , but none as large as in Forrest, Soldiers, Forrest, Conscripts, 61—73, —65; Forrest, Soldiers, — During the Napoleonic Wars, such deathbed affections were not limited to the French.
