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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading global cause of mortality worldwide especially in older adults. Although it is known that regular exercise reduces cardiovascular diseases incidence, its effects on specific cardiovascular aging parameters considering the influence of sex and different exercise designs are still not fully understood.
Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of different physical exercise protocols on age-related cardiovascular outcomes in older adults. Articles will be eligible if they are randomized controlled trials with a primary objective of evaluating the chronic effects of exercise interventions on cardiovascular aging parameters.
Meta-analysis based on the random-effects model will be performed if deemed suitable, considering the methodological and clinical heterogeneity of the studies to estimate the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular aging variables i. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of sex and training protocols on the cardiovascular aging parameters.
Moreover, the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis will provide evidence for health professionals in the management of elderly patients in order to optimize the exercise prescription to face the cardiovascular alterations related to the aging process, considering the effects of different protocols according to sex.
Cardiovascular disease CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although the age-standardized prevalence of CVD has almost stabilized over the past decade, the crude prevalence has increased by This increase in crude prevalence can be explained by the increase in life expectancy, as age-related changes in the cardiovascular system are involved in the pathophysiology of all CVD [ 2 , 3 ]. These age-related cardiac changes ultimately lead to a decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output and can lead to coronary artery disease and other CVDs [ 4 , 5 ].