The treatment of especially metastatic cancer patients has been dramatically improved by the introduction of immunotherapy. There are already 3 immune checkpoint inhibitors ICIs that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 CTLA-4 , programmed cell death receptor-1 PD-1 , and programmed cell death ligand-1 PD-L1 are the most widely studied and recognized. It has been proven that ICIs can increase the overall survival OS in variety of malignancies, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC , renal cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma HNSCC , urothelial bladder cancer, and endometrial stromal sarcoma 1 - 3.
However, a small subset of patients on immunotherapy may not benefit at all from immunotherapy, instead, they experience a faster and more aggressive progression of the tumor than expected, with a dramatic acceleration of the disease, which is referred to as hyperprogression HP or hyperprogressive disease HPD.
Patients with HPD could suffer a deleterious survival effect and significantly shorter OS, suggesting that HP should be managed as fulminant toxicity and needs to be considered before immunotherapy is initiated. Existing literature has reviewed and summarized the definition, diagnostic criteria, reported risk factors and possible mechanisms of HP.
However, with the gradual deepening of the exploration of HPD, researchers have made significant breakthroughs in elucidating the mechanism and mechanism of HPD and exploring biomarkers. On this basis, we reviewed and summarized the definition, incidence, diagnostic criteria, reported risk factor and possible mechanisms of HPD in recent years, and briefly introduced a novel perspective that few people mentioned: the potential biomarkers of HPD. The search was conducted on google scholar and PubMed in January and May of We searched among English papers with no limitation on the publication year.
We have included retrospective studies, case reports, basic research articles related to HPD in the collection, we also refer to some review articles, commentary articles on HPD in recent years.
