Katharine Houghton Hepburn May 12, β June 29, was an American actress whose career as a Hollywood leading lady spanned six decades. She was known for her headstrong independence, spirited personality, and outspokenness, cultivating a screen persona that matched this public image, and regularly playing strong-willed, sophisticated women. She worked in a varied range of genres, from screwball comedy to literary drama, which earned her various accolades , including four Academy Awards for Best Actress βa record for any performer.
Raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents, Hepburn began to act while at Bryn Mawr College. Favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood. Her early years in film brought her international fame, including an Academy Award for Best Actress for her third film, Morning Glory , but this was followed by a series of commercial failures culminating in the critically lauded box office failure Bringing Up Baby Hepburn masterminded her comeback, buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the film rights to The Philadelphia Story , which she sold on the condition that she be the star.
That comedy film was a box office success and landed her a third Academy Award nomination. In the s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy.
The screen partnership spanned 26 years and produced nine films. Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life as she tackled Shakespearean stage productions and a range of literary roles. She found a niche playing mature, independent, and sometimes unmarried women such as in The African Queen , a persona the public embraced. In the s, she began appearing in television films, which later became her focus. She made her final screen appearance at the age of After a period of inactivity and ill health, Hepburn died in at the age of Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine, and refused to conform to societal expectations of women.
She was outspoken, assertive, athletic, and wore pants before it was fashionable. She married once, as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. A year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public. With her unconventional lifestyle and the independent characters she brought to the screen, Hepburn came to epitomize the "modern woman" in 20th-century America and influenced changing popular perceptions of women. In , she was named the greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema by the American Film Institute.
