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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Head Start includes family-oriented services to enhance parent-child relationships, but little is known about the effect of Head Start on parenting practices.
We found that Head Start participation was associated with lower likelihood that mothers spanked their child in the past week at both preschool and kindergarten entry as well as lower likelihood that mothers would use spanking in a hypothetical situation, among boys but not girls. Since its establishment in , Head Start HS, hereafter has been the federally funded early childhood education and care program providing preschool-age children and their low-income parents with early education as well as other services e.
HS provides parenting education and emphasizes the skill-based dimensions of parenting practices, such as cognitive stimulation, child discipline, and child safety U. We also conducted supplemental analyses to investigate whether the gender-differentiated associations, if any, are explained when including additional maternal or child characteristics related to harsh parenting, in particular, maternal depression and child behavior problems. Spanking is a common disciplinary practice among American parents Gershoff, ; MacKenzie et al.
Using a birth cohort of predominantly low-income children in 18 large U. For example, spanking has been found associated with reduced cognitive ability, increased behavior and mental health problems, and worse child-parent relationships Berlin et al. Among the early education programs available for such families, HS is particularly relevant in that it is the largest federally funded early education program targeting low-income children and children with disabilities.
Evaluation research suggests that model early childhood interventions are associated with less use of spanking by parents Love et al. Parenting is influenced by parental characteristics, child characteristics, and contextual sources of support and stress Belsky, Based on this understanding, there would be several mechanisms which could explain the association between HS participation and spanking.