Many of the recent works on the Middle Ages contain chapters on women or integrate their discussion of women and men. Works specifically on women cover either the whole of Europe or particular areas or themes. Women and gender are discussed by J. Bennett and R. Schaus ed. An Encyclopedia London, ; and P. Stafford and A. Masculinity is analysed in D. Hadley ed. Duby and M.
Klapisch-Zuber ed. Shahar, The Fourth Estate. A History of Women in the Middle Ages, trans. Galai London, , covers the period from the early twelfth to the early fifteenth century. Bennett and A. Froide eds , Singlewomen in the European Past Philadelphia, , take the history of women on their own, as does C. Beattie, Medieval Single Women. There are a number of recent histories of medieval women in England, such as H.
Leyser, Medieval Women. Goldberg ed. The archaeological dimension is considered by R. Gilchrist, Medieval Life. Archaeology and the Life Course Woodbridge, Among the most important are M.
Erler and M. Kowaleski eds , Gendering the Master Narrative. A number of collections of sources has been published and these include G. Brucker ed. Amt ed. Skinner and E. Van Houts trans. A wide selection of sources on how women were viewed in the Middle Ages is given in A.
Blamires ed. Medical ideas are discussed in C. Ways in which ideas changed over the twelfth century are examined in P. Gold, The Lady and the Virgin. Rape is discussed by K. Gravdal, Ravishing Maidens. Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros. Aspects of the law as it affected women are considered in N.
